مخصوص آموزش زبان انگلیسی (مشترک همه رشته ها)

[famous_sh]

زمان آینده استمراری​

Future Continuous Tense
طرز ساختن:

فعل با ing +	be	shall	+ فاعل
will

موارد استعمال:
این زمان قرینه ماضی استمراری است و تقریباً در آن موارد منتها در آینده به کار می رود:
1- کاری که در آینده ادامه دارد و کاری بر آن واقع می شود:

When you arrive, we shall be having dinner.​

2- کاری که در زمان معینی در آینده در حال ادامه است:

At 2 o'clock tomorrow afternoon we shall be playing football.​

3- کارهایی که همزمان با هم در آینده ادامه خواهد داشت:

While they will be listening to the radio, we shall be playing chess.​

4- کاری که در طول زمان معینی در آینده ادامه خواهد داشت:

I shall be traveling round Europe all next month.​

نكته: موارد استعمال و تغییرات مربوط به will , shall در اشخاص مختلف در این زمان نیز نظیر آینده ساده است.
زمان آینده ساده
Simple Future Tense
طرز ساختن:

مصدر بدون to +	shall	+ فاعل
will

نكته1: در اول شخص مفرد و جمع از فعل معینshall و در بقیه اشخاص از will استفاده می شود.
نكته2: در موقع سوال در دوم شخص در صورتی که منظور گوینده درخواست و تقاضا باشد از will استفادهمی کنن:
آیا ممکن است در را باز کنید؟

Will you open the door?​

ولی اگر صرفاً آینده سوالی معمولی مورد نظر باشد جمله فوق به این ترتیب خواهد بود:
آیا در را باز خواهید کرد؟

Shall you open the door?​

کاربرد will ,shall منظورهای مختلفی را بیان می کند که در زیر به آنها اشاره می کنیم:
الف_ will در اول شخص به جای shall مفهوم قصد و قول و یا تمایل دارد:
قول می دهم این کار را برای شما انجام دهم.

I will do it for you.​

ب_ در دوم شخص مفرد و جمع کاربرد shall به جای will در حالت منفی و سوالی بیان تهدید و یا قول است که گوینده در مورد مخاطب خود به کار می برد:
این کار را نخواهی کرد.

You shall not do it.​

پ_ کاربرد shall در سوم شخص مفرد و جمع مبین تهدید و یا قولی است که گوینده در مورد سوم شخص مخاطب خود می دهد:
این مسئله را حل خواهدکرد.

He shall solve this problem. ​

ت_ در دوم شخص مفرد و جمع همچنین در سوم شخص مفرد و جمع آوری برای بیان اجازه،shall به کار می برند:

You shall see him if you want.​

ث_ ترکیب shall we معادل let us بوده و مفهوم کسب اجازه است.
اجازه می دهید بازی را آغاز کنیم؟

Shall we begin the play?​

موارد استعمال:
برای بیان کارهایی که در زمان معینی در آینده احتمال وقوع دارد:

We shall take an exam next month.​

یادآوری1_ در انگلیسی آمریکایی امروزه فعل will را برای تمام اشخاص به کار می برند.
یادآوری2_ افعال:hope, want, intend, promise, except, choose, like, mean به جای فعل آینده به کار برده می شود:

He hopes to visit Europe next summer.​

یادآوری3_ افعال ناقص در آینده به کار نمیروند و به جای آنها از افعال مترادف آنها استفاده می شود مانند can که در آینده به صورت be able به کار می رود:

I shall we able to finish my article tonight.​

توجه1_ یکی دیگر از فرمول هایی که در آینده به کار می رود:

مصدر +

be going to

+ فاعل

این فرمول از آینده صرفاً برای کارهای قطعی و معین در آینده است.موقع ترجمه این ترکیب در فارسی از عبارات نظیر قصد دارم،می خواهم،و غیره استفاده می کنند:
میخواهند ما را به شام دعوت نمایند.

They are going to invite us to dinner.​

توجه2_ غیر از دو فرمول بالا که بررسی گردید برای آینده نزدیک از دو ترکیب
"to be about to" و "to be on the point of" نیز استفاده می کنند:
در شرف اتمام کار خویش است.

He is about to finish his work. ​

قصد فرار دارند.

They are on the point of running away. ​

زمان گذشته کامل استمراری
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
طرز ساختن:

فعل با ing

+ been

+ had

+ فاعل

موارد استعمال:
هر گاه دو کار در زمان گذشته انجام گرفته و یکی از کارها مقدم بر دیگری باشد و در عین حال مدتی نیز ادامه داشته باشد آن را به صورت ماضی بعید استمراری بیان می کند:

He had been living in Tehran for 10 years before he died.​

 

[famous_sh]

ترتیب صفت قبل از اسم

طرز قرار گرفتن صفات قبل از اسم
ترتيب قرار گرفتن صفات پيش از اسم در زبان انگليسي طبق الگوي زير مي باشد.
اسم + جنس (نوع) + مليّت + رنگ + اندازه + عدد

I have two big colorful Persian wooden carpets. ​

نكته 1: صفات اشاره this – that – these – those و حرف تعريف the و نيز صفات ملكي my – your , …
الف) بر ديگر صفات مقدم هستند.
ب) با يكديگر بكار نميروند.

- The three good student- This sweet red roses- My poor old dog​

در جملات بالا كلمات the – this – my قبل از صفات ديگر بكار رفته اند.
نكته 2: سه واژه all ، both و half مقدم بر صفات ملكي و حرف تعريف the استفاده ميشوند.

- all the boys - both my eyes - all her books​

نكته 3: واژه half مقدم بر a و an مي باشد.

- half a minute - half an hour​

1) Which sentence is grammatically wrong?

a) Don’t look at the people sitting over there.
b) Our brain can keep a record of past events.
c) The cars that are sold are very expensive.
d) The new Japanese blue car will become cheaper.ü
​

ترتيب قرار گرفتن صفات در گزينه d اشتباه است. رنگ بايد قبل از مليت قرار بگيرد پس گزينه d از نظر گرامري غلط است و بايد جمله به اين صورت باشد:

The new blue Japanese car will be come cheaper.
2) Which sentence is grammatically right?
a) The white large cotton shirt was very beautiful.
b) The large white cotton shirt was very beautiful.
c) The cotton white large shirt was very beautiful.
d) The beautiful cotton white shirt was very large.​

گزينه b درست است. ترتيب قرار گرفتن صفات صحيح است.

3) A: Do you have a watch? B: yes, I have ……………….
a) an old gold watch b) an old watch gold c) a gold old watch d) a watch gold old​

 

[famous_sh]

[h=2]Suffixes [/h]

Suffixes are letters added at the end of a word to (form a derivative) make another word .
صفت= ful + اسم colour + ful colourfulرنگي
power + ful powerfulقدرتمند use + ful useful مفيد

صفت= ous + اسم
fame + ous famouseمشهور danger + ous dangerousخطرناك mystery + ous mysteriousمرموز

صفت منفي=less + اسم
care + less carele بي دقت use + less useless بي فايده hope + less hopeless نا اميد

اسم=ship + اسمfriend + ship friendshipدوستي relation + ship relationshipرابطه man + ship manship انساني

صفت=y + اسمrain + y rainy باراني sun + y sunny آفتابي water + y watery آبكي
قيد حالت= ly + صفتbright + ly brightlyبه روشني happy + ly happily با خوشحالي sad + ly sadly با ناراحتي

صفت= ly + اسمfriend + ly friendlyدوستانه day + ly daily روزانه cost + ly costly قيمتي

فعل= en+ صفتshort + en shorten كوتاه كردن sharp + en sharpen تيز كردن weak + en weaken ضعيف كردن

صفت=al + اسمnature + al naturalطبيعي person + al personal شخصي univere + al universal جهاني

اسم=ness + صفتgood + ness goodness خوبي weak + ness weaknessضعف busy + ness business شغل

صفت= en + اسمgold + en goldenطلايي wood + en wooden چوبي wool + en woolenپشمي

اسم = th + صفتWarm + th warmthگرما hong + th length درازاwide + th widthپهنا

اسم = tion + فعلexplain + tion explanationتوضيح direct + tion directionجهت migrate + tion migrationمهاجرت

اسم= al + فعلarrive + al arrivalورود deny + al denialانكار refuse + al refusalامتناع اسم= ence /ance + فعلexist + ence existenceوجود guide + ance guidanceراهنمايي refer + ence referenceمرجع

اسم=ment + فعلagree + ment agreement توافق move + ment movementحركت punish + ment punishment مجازات

اسم = ing + فعلdrive + ing drivingرانندگي smoke + ing smoking سيگار run + ing runningدو

صفت فاعلي= ing + فعلbore + ing boringخسته كننده interest + ing interestingجالب surprise + ing surprisingتعجب آور

اسم فاعل=er + فعلplay + er player بازيكن teach + er teacher مدرس write + er writerنويسنده

صفت مفعولي= ed + فعلconfuse + ed confusedگيج شده excite + ed excitedهيجان زده shock + ed shockedتكان خورده ​

 

[famous_sh]

( قید Adverb ) ​

​

تعریف : به کلمه ای گفته می شود که چگونگی فعل صفت یا قید دیگری را توصیف می کند. مثل :

1) He runs quickly. 2) They are very bad. 3) She came quiet carelessly. ​

در جمله اول قید مورد نظر چگونگی فعل را توصیف می کند و در جمله دوم قید مورد نظر صفت را توصیف می کند و در چمله سوم قید مورد نظر قید دیگر را توصیف می کند.انواع قید :1) قیدهای حالت مثل : quickly-gracefully –kindly2) قیدهای زمان مثل : today – yesterday – recently – later 3) قیدهای مکان مثل : here – away – outside 4) قیدهای کمی مثل : So - too5) قیدهای تکرار مثل : often – rarely – seldom – regularly قید های حالت که حالت و چگونگی انجام کاری را نشان می دهد. معمولا این قیدها بعد از فعل قرار می گیرند وچنانچه آن فعل دارای مفعول باشد این قیدها بعد از مفعول قرار می گیرند. این قیدها در ابتدای وسط و انتهای جمله قرار می گیرند. مثل :Softly, he gets the paper. (ابتدا)He quickly ran away. (وسط) She dances gracefully. (انتها)چگونگی ساخت قید حالت:اکثر قیدهای حالت به lyختم می شوند یعنی با اضافه کردن (ly) به آخر صفات به وجود می آیند. مثل :+ صفت ly Hard Hardlyنکته: بعضی از قیود مانند(slow – clear – quick) هستند که ما بدون اضافه کردن (ly) و همراه با (ly) می توانیم ازآنها استفاده کنیم. مثل :

She explains the problem clear(ly).​

نکته : تعدادی از قیود هستند که هم به عنوان صفت و هم به عنوان قید بکار می روند و عبارتند از :( fast – hard – low – long – late ) مثل :

She has a hard work. (صفت) She works hard. (قید)​

It is a long wall. (صفت) He stayed here as long as he can. (قید)​

​

That is the back door. (صفت) Go back. (قید)​

قیدهای زمان که زمان انجام کاری را بیان می کنند. این قیود به دو نوع معین و نامعین تقسیم می شوند که بعضی از آنها عبارتند از :( yesterday – today – tomorrow ) قیود زمان معین( recently – later – afterwards – already ) قیود زمان نامعیننکته : معمولا قیدهای معین در جملات ساده در آخر جمله قرار می گیرد اما چنانچه جمله مرکب بود قید را در اول جمله می آوریم. مثل :

She went to the bookshop yesterday. Tomorrow, we will leave for trip.​

مثال برای قیود زمان نامعین :

Recently, the news about the Iraq’s security has not been good. ​

قیدهای مکان که بیانگر محل وقوع کاری هستند و معمولا بعد از فعل قرار می گیرند اما می توان آنها را در اول یا آخر جمله قرار داد. بعضی از آنها عبارتند از :( in/inside – under – above – here – there – near – far – below ) مثل :

She came to here one hour ago.We can go to everywhere we want.Outside, it was bitterly cold. (ابتدا)It is hot outside. (انتها) ​

قیدهایکمی که کمیت و مقدار صفت یا قیدی را نشان می دهند. که عبارتند از :(Enough) به معنی کافی است یعنی حالت یا صفت بکار رفته به حد کفایت می باشد و به دو صورت در جملات قرار می گیرند :

Noun + Enough​

​

مثل :

I had not enough money for that car.He has enough courage to be a captain.​

Adverb or Adjective + Enough

مثل :

This milk is not hot enough to drink. It is not easy enough for this job. ​

قیدهای تکرار که بیانگر تعداد دفعات انجام کاری است که نامشخص تکرار شده است و معمولا قبل از فعل اصلی قرار می گیرد اما اگر افعالی مانند (am – is – are – was – were) در جمله باشد قید تکرار بعد از آنها قرار می گیرد. قیود تکراربه نسبت تعداد تکرار آنها عبارتند از :

(از چپ به راست تعداد دفعات کمتر می شود)​

​

Always>Usually>Often>Sometimes>Now & then>

>>>Occasionally>Not often>Hardly ever>Rarely>Never

(Now & then) گاهگاهی (Occasionally) بعضی مواقع
(Hardly ever) تقریبا هرگز (Rarely) به ندرت

It often rains in North of Iran. (قبل از فعل اصلی)It always snows in Arrak in winter. The temperature in Ilam hardly ever gets to 30º in Winter. He is often here at 6 o’clock in the morning. (بعد از افعال موردنظر)You are usually in restaurant at noon.​

 

[famous_sh]

(اسم ( Noun​

تعریف : اسم کلمه ای است که برای نامیدن هر چیز . شخص و یا مکان بکار می رود مثال : ​

Book - Ali – Home – Ahmad – Helena – Mother – Tatiana – Michael …

بعضی از اسامی در زبان انگلیسی مرکب (Compound Noun ) هستند مثل :​

Note + book Tea + pot
Work + man Step + mother
Coal + mine Address + book

(انواع اسمها Kinds of Nouns )در زبان انگلیسی چهار نو ع هستند :1. اسم عام Common Noun2. اسم خاص Proper Noun 3. اسم معنی Abstract Noun4. اسم جمع Collective Nounاسم عام : اسمی است که در میان عده ای از اشیاء اشخاص و مکان عمومیت داشته باشد . مثل :​

Pencil Boy Cinema Girl Desk

اسم خاص : اسمی است که نام مخصوص شخص شئ یا مکان معینی باشد مثل :​

Iran Ali Azadi square Kerman shah
اسم معنی : اسم حالت عمل یا وضعیت را اسم معنی گویند و به خودی خود وجود ندارد و آنرا باید در وجود اشیاء یا اشخاص احساس کرد مثل :Kindness Pain Speed Health

اسم جمع : اسمی است که در صورت مفرد هستند ولی در معنی به گروه و دسته دلالت می کنند مثل :​

Army Navy Team
Police Class Crowd
این اسامی را معمولا با فعل مفرد به کار می برند ولی بعضی از آنها با فعل جمع همراهند . مثل :اسم جمع همراه با فعل مفرد :

The class has an English lesson everyday.There was a large crowd in the street. ​

اسم جمع همراه با فعل جمع :​

There were a lot of people at the street.The police have captured the thieves. ​

اسم های قابل شمارش (Countable ) و غیر قابل شمارش (Uncountable) :اسم های قابل شمارش اسم هایی هستند که بتوان قبل از آنها اعداد یا a و an به کار برد و یا بتوان آنها را جمع بست . اما اسم های غیر قابل شمارش را نمی توان با اعداد استفاده کرد یا جمع بست .مثال برای اسم قابل شمارش

We have four children, three sons & a daughter.​

مثال برای اسم غیر قابل شمارش​

I went out to breathe in some fresh air.​

 

[famous_sh]

کلمات پرسشي
كلمات پرسشي به دو دسته تقسيم مي شوند :
الف) كلمات پرسشي دسته ي اول :
بعد از كلمات پرسشي دسته ي اول همواره جمله به شكل سوالي بكار مي رود.
ب) كلمات پرسشي دسته ي دوم :
بعد از كلمات پرسشي دسته ي دوم ابتدا اسم بكار رفته و پس از اسم جمله به شكل سوالي بكار مي رود.
براي سوالي كردن جملات انگليسي به وسيله ي كلمات پرسشي مراحل زير را انجام مي دهيم .
1- كلمه ي پرسشي مورد نظر را در ابتداي جمله سوالي قرار مي دهيم.
2- پس از كلمه ي پرسشي جمله را به شكل سوالي در مي آوريم.
3- با توجه به معني كلمه ي پرسشي و طبق جداول فوق كلمه يا كلمات حذفي را از جمله حذف مي كنيم .
4- چنانچه كلمه ي پرسشي جزء كلمات پرسشي نوع دوم باشد، اسم را در جمله پيدا كرده و آنرا
پس از كلمه ي پرسشي قرار مي دهيم . (اسم هميشه بعد از كلمه ي حذفي قرار دارد).
تذكر : چنانچه كلمه ي حذفي در ابتداي جمله قرار داشته باشد فقط كافي است كه آنرا از جمـــله حذف كنيم و بجاي آن، كلمه ي پرسشي مورد نظر را قرار داده و بقيه ي جمله را بدون تغـــيير بازنويسي كنيم.

1. There is a book on the table. (What)What is there on the table?2. This pen is green. (What colour)What colour is this pen?3. She goes to school at 5 o’clock. (What time)What time does she go to school? 4. Today is Monday. (What day)What day is today?5. He is playing football slowly. (How)How is he playing football?6. They saw him yesterday. (When)When did they see him?7. My father is at home. (Where)Where is he?8. He is Mr Irani. (Who)Who is he?9. I see some buses in the street. (How many)How many buses do you see in the street?10. There is a little water in the glass. (How much)How much water is there in the glass?11. That was Ali's car. (Whose)Whose car was that?12. Ali is that thin boy. (Which)Which boy is Ali?13. Mr Irani teaches English well. (Who)Who teaches English well?14. Two boys are at school. (How many)How many boys are at school?15. The thin girl is a student. (Which)Which girl is a student?​

 

[famous_sh]

[h=2]prepositions[/h]

Definition: Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to.

Some common prepositions are:

about above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond but

by despite down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto out

outside over past since through throughout till to toward under underneath until up upon with within without.

Prepositions typically come before a noun: For example:
​

• after class ​
• at home ​
• before Tuesday ​
• in London ​
• on fire ​
• with pleasure ​

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. ​

For example:

• The book is on the table. ​
• The book is beside the table. ​
• She read the book during class.
  
  In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time. ​

Prepositions are classified as simple or compound. Simple prepositions
Simple prepositions are single word prepositions. These are all showed above. For example:
​

• The book is on the table. ​

Compound prepositions
Compound prepositions are more than one word. in between and because of are prepositions made up of two words - in front of, on behalf of are prepositions made up of three words.For example:
​

• The book is in between War and Peace and The Lord of the Rings. ​
• The book is in front of the clock. ​

Examples:
​

• The children climbed the mountain without fear. ​
• There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated. ​
• The spider crawled slowly along the banister. ​

 

[famous_sh]

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:Prepositions of Time:

on	days of the week	on Monday
in	months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?)	in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
at	for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?)	at night at the weekend at half past nine
since	from a certain point of time (past till now)	since 1980
for	over a certain period of time (past till now)	for 2 years
ago	a certain time in the past	2 years ago
before	earlier than a certain point of time	before 2004
to	telling the time	ten to six (5:50)
past	telling the time	ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until	marking the beginning and end of a period of time	from Monday to/till Friday
till / until	in the sense of how long something is going to last	He is on holiday until Friday.
by	in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time	I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

English Usage Example

 

[famous_sh]

Prepositions of Place:

in	room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world	in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
at	meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)	at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on	attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio	the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside	left or right of somebody or something	Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under	on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else	the bag is under the table
below	lower than something else but above ground	the fish are below the surface
over	covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle	put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above	higher than something else, but not directly over it	a path above the lake
across	getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side	walk across the bridge swim across the lake
through	something with limits on top, bottom and the sides	drive through the tunnel
to	movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed	go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed
into	enter a room / a building	go into the kitchen / the house
towards	movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)	go 5 steps towards the house
onto	movement to the top of something	jump onto the table
from	in the sense of where from	a flower from the garden

English Usage Example

 

[famous_sh]

[h=2]Whom/Which/That[/h]

The Relative Pronouns Whom/Which/That​

Follow the same rules for using who(m), which, and that, as you do with other relative pronouns. The only difference is that now these pronouns are functioning as objects:

–The movie that we saw last night was terrible.

–The movie, which we saw last night, was terrible.​

​

For people, you will use either who or whom. Who is usually used instead of whom in colloquial speech, even though it is technically incorrect:

–The person who they saw was sick. (informal)
–The person whom they saw was sick. (formal)
–There's the driver who the police arrested. (informal)

–There's the driver whom the police arrested. (formal)​

​

 

[famous_sh]

Who/Which/That

The Relative Pronouns Who/Which/That​

Who, which and that are relative pronouns. They are usually used in dependent clauses introduced by a main clause: Note that in the above two examples who and that are substituted for one another. Even though who is more grammatically correct than that in reference to a person or persons, that is heard often in speech.
Who is used only for people. That can be used to refer to a person or thing. Which is used only for things:

–The car, which we rented, doesn't work​

​

​

 

[famous_sh]

Using Whose​

Whose is used to show possession. It has the same meaning as other possessive adjectives such as his, hers, its, their, etc.

–There's the man whose house we bought.​

​

–I have a book whose story is fascinating. ​

Whose modifies people but can also be used with things.
You should learn how to combine short sentences using whose:

–The woman is a talented artist. I saw her paintings.​

–The woman whose paintings I saw is a talented artist.​

​

 

[famous_sh]

Using May and Might​

Two other important modal verbs are may and might. The two are used interchangeably in standard American English to express probability or possibility: The past form is expressed as follows:
modal (may/might) + have + past participle

–I may/might have left my glasses in the restaurant.​

​

​

NOTE: Must can also be used to express probability:

–The plane must be leaving now.​

​

​

 

[famous_sh]

PrepositionsPrepositions of time

preposition use examples in in months in July; in September year in 1985; in 1999 seasons in summer; in the summer of 69 part of the day in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening duration in a minute; in two weeks at part of the day at night time of day at 6 o'clock; at midnight celebrations at Christmas; at Easter fixed phrases at the same time on days of the week on Sunday; on Friday date on the 25th of December* special holidays on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on my birthday a special part of a day on the morning of September the 11th* after later than sth after school ago how far sth happened (in the past) 6 years ago before earlier than sth before Christmas between time that separates two points between Monday and Friday by not later than a special time by Thursday during through the whole of a period of time during the holidays for period of time for three weeks from ... to from... till/until two points form a period from Monday to Wednesday from Monday till Wednesday from Monday until Wednesday past time of the day 23 minutes past 6 (6:23) since point of time since Monday till/until no later than a special time till tomorrow until tomorrow to time of the day 23 minutes to 6 (5:37) up to not more than a special time up to 6 hours a day within during a period of time within a day

a

 

[famous_sh]

Prepositions at, in, on

preposition examples in We sit in the room. I see a house in the picture. There are trouts in the river. He lives in Paris. I found the picture in the paper. He sits in the corner of the room. He sits in the back of the car. We arrive in Madrid. He gets in the car. She likes walking in the rain. My cousin lives in the country. There are kites in the sky. He plays in the street. (BE) She lives in a hotel. The boys stand in a line. He is in town. I have to stay in bed. The robber is in prison now. at She sits at the desk. Open your books at page 10. The bus stops at Graz. I stay at my grandmother's. I stand at the door. Look at the top of the page. The car stands at the end of the street. You mustn't park your car at the front of the school. Can we meet at the corner of the street? I met John at a party. Pat wasn't at home yesterday. I study economics at university. The children are at grandmother's. He's looking at the park. He always arrives late at school. on The map lies on the desk. The picture is on page 10. The photo hangs on the wall. He lives on a farm. Dresden lies on the river Elbe. Men's clothes in on the second floor. He lives on Heligoland. The shop is on the left. My friend is on the way to Moscow. Write this information on the front of the letter.

 

[famous_sh]

Prepositions of place and direction​

preposition​ use​ examples​ above​ higher than sth ​ The picture hangs above my bed.​ across​ from one side to the other side​ You mustn't go across this road here. There isn't a bridge across the river.​ after​ one follows the other​ The cat ran after the dog. After you.​ against​ directed towards sth ​ The bird flew against the window.​ along​ in a line; from one point to another​ They're walking along the beach.​ among​ in a group​ I like being among people.​ around​ in a circular way​ We're sitting around the campfire.​ behind​ at the back of​ Our house is behind the supermarket.​ below​ lower than sth ​ Death Valley is 86 metres below sea level.​ beside​ next to​ Our house is beside the supermarket.​ between​ Sth /sb is on each side​ Our house is between the supermarket and the school.​ by​ near​ He lives in the house by the river.​ close to​ near​ Our house is close to the supermarket.​ down​ from high to low​ He came down the hill.​ from​ the place where it starts​ Do you come from Tokyo?​ in front of​ the part that is in the direction it faces​ Our house is in front of the supermarket.​ inside​ opposite of outside​ You shouldn't stay inside the castle.​ into​ entering sth​ You shouldn't go into the castle.​ near​ close to​ Our house is near the supermarket.​ next to​ beside​ Our house is next to the supermarket.​ off​ away from sth​ The cat jumped off the roof.​ onto​ moving to a place​ The cat jumped onto the roof.​ opposite​ on the other side​ Our house is opposite the supermarket.​ out of​ leaving sth​ The cat jumped out of the window.​ outside​ opposite of inside​ Can you wait outside?​ over​ above sth / sb​ The cat jumped over the wall.​ past​ going near sth / sb​ Go past the post office.​ round​ in a circle​ We're sitting round the campfire.​ through​ going from one point to the other point​ You shouldn't walk through the forest.​ to​ towards sth / sb​ I like going to Australia. Can you come to me? I've never been to Africa.​ towards​ in the direction of sth​ They walk towards the castle.​ under​ below sth​ The cat is under the table.​ up​ from low to high​ He went up the hill.​

 

[famous_sh]

Base Form​	Past Simple​	Past Participle ​
awake​	awoke​	awoken ​
be​	was, were​	been ​
beat​	beat​	beaten ​
become​	became​	become ​
begin​	began​	begun ​
bend​	bent​	bent ​
bet​	bet​	bet ​
bid​	bid​	bid ​
bite​	bit​	bitten ​
blow​	blew​	blown ​
break​	broke​	broken ​
bring​	brought​	brought ​
broadcast​	broadcast​	broadcast​
build​	built​	built ​
burn​	burned/burnt​	burned/burnt ​
buy​	bought​	bought ​
catch​	caught​	caught ​
choose​	chose​	chosen ​
come​	came​	come ​
cost​	cost​	cost ​
cut​	cut​	cut ​
dig​	dug​	dug ​
do​	did​	done ​
draw​	drew​	drawn ​
dream ​	dreamed/dreamt​	dreamed/dreamt​
drive​	drove​	driven ​
drink ​	drunk​	drunk​

 

[famous_sh]

[h=2]افعال بی قاعده[/h]

eat​	ate​	eaten ​
fall​	fell​	fallen ​
feel​	felt​	felt ​
fight​	fought​	fought ​
find​	found​	found ​
fly​	flew​	flown ​
forget​	forgot​	forgotten ​
forgive​	forgave​	forgiven ​
freeze​	froze​	frozen ​
get​	got​	gotten ​
give​	gave​	given ​
go​	went​	gone ​
grow​	grew​	grown ​
hang​	hung​	hung ​
have​	had​	had ​
hear​	heard​	heard ​
hide​	hid​	hidden ​
hit​	hit​	hit ​
hold​	held​	held ​
hurt​	hurt​	hurt ​
keep​	kept​	kept ​
know​	knew​	known ​
lay​	laid​	laid ​
lead​	led​	led ​
learn​	learned/learnt​	learned/learnt​
leave​	left​	left ​
lend​	lent​	lent ​
let​	let​	let ​
lie​	lay​	lain ​
lose​	lost​	lost ​
make​	made​	made ​
mean​	meant​	meant ​
meet​	met​	met ​
pay​	paid​	paid ​
put​	put​	put ​
read​	read​	read ​
ride​	rode​	ridden ​
ring​	rang​	rung ​
rise​	rose​	risen ​
run​	ran​	run ​
say​	said​	said ​
see​	saw​	seen ​
sell​	sold​	sold ​
send​	sent​	sent ​
show​	showed​	showed/shown ​
shut​	shut​	shut ​
sing​	sang​	sung ​
sit​	sat​	sat ​
sleep​	slept​	slept ​
speak​	spoke​	spoken ​
spend​	spent​	spent ​
stand​	stood​	stood ​
swim​	swam​	swum ​
take​	took​	taken ​
teach​	taught​	taught ​
tear​	tore​	torn ​
tell​	told​	told ​
think​	thought​	thought ​
throw​	threw​	thrown ​
understand​	understood​	understood​
wake​	woke​	woken ​
wear​	wore​	worn ​
win​	won​	won ​
write​	wrote​	written ​

 

[eco.bio]

famousعزیز خسته نباشی. دوست عزیزم بابت زحماتت ازت تشکر میکنم واقعا خسته نباشی.
عزیزم اگه این مطالبو از یه سایتی میذاری ممنون میشم که ادرس اون سایتم بذاری تا از اونجا مطالبو برداریم اخه نه اینکه زیاده ادم نمیتونه تو صفحه کام بخونه:smiliess (12):
اگه هم خودت تایپ میکنی عزیزم اگه میشه یه کم خلاصه تر بذاری یعنی چطو بگم خب چون خودت اینارو خوندی پس میتونی چکیده اون چیزی رو که فهمیدی رو بذاری. اینطوری فکر کنم بهترتر باشه. البته اگه برات میسر بود وگرنه که هیچ جونم. همین که زحمت میکشی و اینارو در میاری و میذاری تو سایت خودش کلی ارزش داره جونم:riz304: :riz304:

 

[biotechnologist]

آفرین famous_sh.خدا قوت.ان شاا... سال دیگه هممون هم کلاس شیم.:a2d3::4d564ad6: