مخصوص آموزش زبان انگلیسی (مشترک همه رشته ها)

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

arezoomand گفت:
یه پیشنهاد :به نظر من اگه روی لغت و درک مطلب کار کنیم بهتره تا قواعد.دوستان زحمت میکشن ولی اینا بیشتر کمکمون میکنه اگه موافق باشین هر کس هر روز روی یه متن از لزگی و 1درس لغات 504کار کنه و اخرهرروز نکات و لغتارو بنویسه و اخر هفته ها اونارو مرور کنیم.:smilies-azardl (181

آره عزیزم عالیه.اما یک چیز رو میدونی؟مهارت اول لزگی رو که بخونی متوجه میشی حتی جایی که معنی لغت رو بلد نباشی چطور گرامر به دادت میرسه.گرامر زبان زیاد نیست زود میشه یادش گرفت .مطمئن باش زبان رو هرچقدر هم یاد بگیری باز کمه.درضمن فقط یک متر جلوتو نگاه نکن.گرامر اساس یادگیری زبان هست ما میخواهیم زبان رو خوب یاد بگیریم این ماه گرامر کامل یاد میدم.ماه آینده لغت و درک مطلب.نگران نباش.زمان هست.تا ندونی قید چیه مطمئن باش قیدی رو که حفظ کردی زود فراموش میکنی اما زمان یادگیری لغت وقتی بدونی استفاده لغت چیه اونموقع دیگه فراموش نمیکنی.پس از ابتدا شروع میکنیم.بازم نظر شما دوستان برای من قابل احترامه اگر میدونید به دردتون نمیخوره .من حجم زیاد گرامر رو اینجا انتقال نمیدم.

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=2]Simple Past[/h][h=1]Simple Past[/h]

[VERB+ed] or irregular verb

[h=1]Simple Past Forms[/h][h=3]Most Verbs[/h]

Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below.

Positive	Negative	Question
I waited. You waited. We waited. They waited. He waited. She waited. It waited.	I did not wait. You did not wait. We did not wait. They did not wait. He did not wait. She did not wait. It did not wait.	Did I wait? Did you wait? Did we wait? Did they wait? Did he wait? Did she wait? Did it wait?

[h=3]Irregular Verbs[/h]

Positive	Negative	Question
I had. You had. We had. They had. He had. She had. It had.	I did not have. You did not have. We did not have. They did not have. He did not have. She did not have. It did not have.	Did I have? Did you have? Did we have? Did they have? Did he have? Did she have? Did it have?

[h=3]To Be[/h]

The verb "be" is also irregular in the Simple Past. Unlike other irregular verbs, there are two Simple Past forms: "was" and "were." It also has different question forms and negative forms. Always remember that you DO NOT use "did" with the verb "be" in the Simple Past.

Positive	Negative	Question
I was. You were. We were. They were. He was. She was. It was.	I was not. You were not. We were not. They were not. He was not. She was not. It was not.	Was I? Were you? Were we? Were they? Was he? Was she? Was it?

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=3]Modal Verbs[/h]

Modal verbs behave very strangely in the Simple Past. The most important verb to remember is "must." Notice how it becomes "had to" in the Simple Past."Must" becomes "had to":

I must call my wife now.
I had to call my wife yesterday.

[h=3]USE 1 Completed Action in the Past[/h]

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
Did you have dinner last night?
She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.

[h=3]USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions[/h]

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

[h=3]USE 3 Duration in Past[/h]

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.Examples:

I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.
They did not stay at the party the entire time.
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=3]USE 4 Habits in the Past[/h]

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to" To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples:

I studied French when I was a child.
He played the violin.
He didn't play the piano.
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
She worked at the movie theater after school.
They never went to school, they always skipped class.

[h=3]USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations[/h]

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to"Examples:

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
He didn't like tomatoes before.
Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

[h=3]IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First[/h]

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.Examples:

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.

When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.Example:

I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.

[h=3]ADVERB PLACEMENT[/h]

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples:

You just called Debbie.
Did you just call Debbie?

[h=3]ACTIVE / PASSIVE[/h]

Examples:

Tom repaired the car. Active
The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=2]زمان گذشته ساده[/h]
زمان گذشته استمراري ساختار

جملات پرسشي:

eating? playing? talking?	I, he, she, it	was wasn't
you, we, they	were weren't

جملات مثبت و منفي:

walking playing fishing	was wasn't	I, he, she, it
were weren't	you, we, they

کاربرد
از زمان گذشته استمراري بيشتر براي بيان کارهايي استفاده مي‌شود که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و مدتي ادامه داشته‌اند ولي حدود زماني آنها به طور دقيق مشخص يا مهم نيست.
در اغلب موارد گذشته استمراري همراه با گذشته ساده بکار مي‌رود. در چنين حالتي، گذشته استمراري بر کارها و فعاليتهاي طولاني‌تر (در پس‌زمينه) دلالت مي‌کند، در حالي که گذشته ساده بر کارها و فعاليتهايي دلالت مي‌کند که در ميانه کارهاي طولاني‌تر واقع شده‌اند.

بطور کلي «گذشته استمراري» در موارد زير بکار مي‌رود:
1- براي بيان کاري که قبل از زمان خاصي در گذشته آغاز شده و احتمالاً پس از آن نيز ادامه داشته است:

'What were you doing at 6.00?' 'I was having breakfast.'
(.ساعت 6 چکار مي‌کرديد؟ داشتم صبحانه مي‌خوردم)

2- براي بیان کار يا فعاليتي در گذشته که به وسيله چيزي قطع شده باشد:

The phone rang when I was watching TV.
(.وقتي داشتم تلويزيون تماشا مي‌کردم، تلفن زنگ زد)
While I was driving home, my car broke down.
(.هنگاميکه داشتم به خانه بر مي‌گشتم، ماشينم خراب شد)

3- براي بيان کار يا فعاليتي به پايان نرسيده در زمان گذشته (در مقايسه با گذشته ساده که کارهاي کامل شده را بيان مي‌کند):

I was reading a book during the flight. (I didn't finish it)
but: I read a book during the flight. (I finished it)

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=2]Past Continuous[/h][h=1]Past Continuous[/h][h=3]FORM[/h]

[was/were + present participle]Examples:

You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called

[h=1]Past Continuous Forms[/h]

Positive	Negative	Question
I was singing. You were singing. We were singing. They were singing. He was singing. She was singing. It was singing.	I was not singing. You were not singing. We were not singing. They were not singing. He was not singing. She was not singing. It was not singing.	Was I singing? Were you singing? Were we singing? Were they singing? Was he singing? Was she singing? Was it singing?

[h=3]USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past[/h]

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.Examples:

I was watching TV when she called.
When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.

[h=3]USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption[/h]

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

[h=4]IMPORTANT[/h]

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
I started eating at 6 PM.
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=3]USE 3 Parallel Actions[/h]

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.Examples:

I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
Were you listening while he was talking?
I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
What were you doing while you were waiting?
Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

[h=3]USE 4 Atmosphere[/h]

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.Example:

When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

[h=3]USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"[/h]

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."Examples:

She was always coming to class late.
He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

[h=3]While vs. When[/h]

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense simple past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.Examples:

I was studying when she called.
While I was studying, she called.

[h=3]REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs[/h]

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use .Simple PastExamples:

Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct

[h=3]ADVERB PLACEMENT[/h]

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:

You were just studying when she called.
Were you just studying when she called?

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

زمان گذشته استمراري ساختار

جملات پرسشي:

eating? playing? talking?	I, he, she, it	was wasn't
you, we, they	were weren't

جملات مثبت و منفي:

walking playing fishing	was wasn't	I, he, she, it
were weren't	you, we, they

کاربرد
از زمان گذشته استمراري بيشتر براي بيان کارهايي استفاده مي‌شود که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و مدتي ادامه داشته‌اند ولي حدود زماني آنها به طور دقيق مشخص يا مهم نيست.
در اغلب موارد گذشته استمراري همراه با گذشته ساده بکار مي‌رود. در چنين حالتي، گذشته استمراري بر کارها و فعاليتهاي طولاني‌تر (در پس‌زمينه) دلالت مي‌کند، در حالي که گذشته ساده بر کارها و فعاليتهايي دلالت مي‌کند که در ميانه کارهاي طولاني‌تر واقع شده‌اند.

بطور کلي «گذشته استمراري» در موارد زير بکار مي‌رود:
1- براي بيان کاري که قبل از زمان خاصي در گذشته آغاز شده و احتمالاً پس از آن نيز ادامه داشته است:

'What were you doing at 6.00?' 'I was having breakfast.'
(.ساعت 6 چکار مي‌کرديد؟ داشتم صبحانه مي‌خوردم)

2- براي بیان کار يا فعاليتي در گذشته که به وسيله چيزي قطع شده باشد:

The phone rang when I was watching TV.
(.وقتي داشتم تلويزيون تماشا مي‌کردم، تلفن زنگ زد)
While I was driving home, my car broke down.
(.هنگاميکه داشتم به خانه بر مي‌گشتم، ماشينم خراب شد)

3- براي بيان کار يا فعاليتي به پايان نرسيده در زمان گذشته (در مقايسه با گذشته ساده که کارهاي کامل شده را بيان مي‌کند):

I was reading a book during the flight. (I didn't finish it)
but: I read a book during the flight. (I finished it)

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=2]Past Perfect[/h][h=1][/h]

Past Perfect

[h=3]FORM[/h]

[had + past participle]Examples:

You had studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
You had not studied English before you moved to New York

[h=1]Past Perfect Forms[/h]

Positive	Negative	Question
I had finished. You had finished. We had finished. They had finished. He had finished. She had finished. It had finished.	I had not finished. You had not finished. We had not finished. They had not finished. He had not finished. She had not finished. It had not finished.	Had I finished? Had you finished? Had we finished? Had they finished? Had he finished? Had she finished?

[h=3]USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past[/h]

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.Examples:

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

[h=3]USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)[/h]

With Non-Continuous Verbsand some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.Examples:

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.

Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=3]IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect[/h]

Unlike with the present perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.Example:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

[h=4]MOREOVER[/h]

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.Examples:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

[h=4]HOWEVER[/h]

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. Examples:

She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

[h=3]ADVERB PLACEMENT[/h]

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples:

You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?

[h=3]ACTIVE / PASSIVE[/h]

Examples:

George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Active
Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. Passive

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

زمان گذشته كامل ساختار

جملات مثبت و منفي:

past participle
(قسمت سوم فعل)

had ('d) had not (hadn't)

I, you, we, they he, she, it

جملات پرسشي:

past participle
(قسمت سوم فعل)?

I, you, we, they he, she, it

had hadn't

کاربرد
ما از زمان گذشته کامل استفاده مي‌کنيم تا نشان دهيم عملي پيش از عمل ديگري در گذشته اتفاق افتاده است (گذشته در گذشته). در واقع گذشته کامل معادل گذشته‌ی زمان حال کامل است. (با گذشته ساده مقايسه کنيد)

به مقايسه بين زمانهاي حال کامل و گذشته کامل توجه کنيد:

گذشته کامل	حال کامل
* We weren't hungry. We'd just had dinner. * I didn't know who he was. I'd never seen him before.	* We aren't hungry. We've just had dinner. * Who is that man? I've never seen him before.

چند مثال ديگر از زمان گذشته کامل:

It was the first time he had ever seen a tiger.
When I arrived at the cinema, the film had already begun.
She didn't want to go to the theatre with the others because she'd seen the play before.

مقايسه بين گذشته كامل و گذشته ساده
به تفاوت ميان جملات زير دقت کنيد:

When I arrived home, my wife went out.
but: When I arrived home, my wife had gone out.

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=2]زمانهای مربوط به آینده[/h]
زمانهاي مربوط به آينده
در زبان انگليسي براي بيان زمان آينده از افعال و حالتهاي مختلفي استفاده مي‌شود که آنها را به ترتيب اهميت در زير مي‌بينيد:
http://www.zabanamoozan.com/learning/future.htm#01
http://www.zabanamoozan.com/learning/future.htm#04

1- will + verb
از فعل کمکي will براي نشان دادن آينده در جهت‌هاي زير استفاده مي‌شود:
الف- پيش‌بيني: براي توصيف چيزي که مي‌دانيم، يا انتظار داريم که اتفاق بيفتد:

It will be rainy tomorrow.
(فردا هوا باراني خواهد بود)
You will be sick if you eat all those sweets.
(اگر همه آن شيريني‌ها را بخوري مريض مي‌شوي)

ب- بيان تصميمي كه درست در همان لحظه گرفته شده است:

I will answer the phone.
(من تلفن را جواب مي‌دهم)
I'll see you tomorrow. bye!
(فردا مي‌بينمت.خداحافظ)

2- be + going to + verb
الف- از اين ساختار براي بيان برنامه‌ها و تصميماتي که از قبل گرفته شده‌اند، استفاده مي‌شود:

We're going to paint this room blue.
(ما مي‌خواهيم اين اتاق را آبي بزنيم)
I'm going to be a doctor.
(مي‌خواهم يک دکتر بشوم)

ب- همچنين از اين ساختار مي‌توان براي بيان يک پيشگويي، مخصوصاً وقتي که براساس مدرکي در زمان حال باشد، استفاده نمود.

She's going to have a baby. (Because she's pregnant)
(او قرار است كه يك بچه بدنيا بياورد)
It's going to rain. (It's cloudy)
(مي‌خواهد باران ببارد)

بعضي اوقات تفاوتي بين will و be going to براي يك پيش‌بيني وجود ندارد.

براي بيان تصميمي که از قبل گرفته شده است از ساختـار be going to و بيان تصميمي که درست در همان لحظه گرفته شده است از will استفاده مي‌کنيم.

3- حال استمراري (Present Progressive)
از حال استمراري براي بيان يک برنامه يا يک قرار بين افراد در آينده استفاده مي‌شود و معمولاً به آينده نزديک اشاره دارد:

I'm meeting my friend this evening.
(امروز بعدازظهر دوستم را ملاقات مي‌کنم)
They are driving to Scotland at the weekend.
(آنها آخر هفته به اسکاتلند مي‌روند)

گاهي اوقات تفاوتي نمي‌کند که براي بيان يک برنامه يا قرار از حال استمراري و يا از ساختار be going to استفاده شود، به عنوان مثال:

We're going to see a play tonight.
or:We're seeing a play tonight.

4- راه‌هاي ديگر بيان آينده
راه‌هاي ديگري نيز براي صحبت درباره‌ آينده وجود دارد، به عنوان مثال:
a) Will + be + verb-ing

Next week I'll be talking about how to use a microscope.
(هفته آينده درباره نحوه استفاده از ميکروسکوپ صحبت خواهم کرد)

b) Be + to + verb

Iranian president is to visit Russia.
(رئيس جمهور ايران از روسيه بازديد مي‌کند)

c) Be + about + to + verb

The mayor is about to announce the result of election.
(شهردار به زودي نتايج انتخابات را اعلام خواهد کرد

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=1]Future Continuous[/h]

Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike simple future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchange futureable.

[h=3]FORM Future Continuous with "Will"[/h]

[will be + present participle]Examples:

You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

[h=3]FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "[/h]

[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]Examples:

You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning.

[h=1]Future Continuous Forms[/h][h=3]Using "Will"[/h]

Positive	Negative	Question
I will be waiting. You will be waiting. We will be waiting. They will be waiting. He will be waiting. She will be waiting. It will be waiting.	I will not be waiting. You will not be waiting. We will not be waiting. They will not be waiting. He will not be waiting. She will not be waiting. It will not be waiting.	Will I be waiting? Will you be waiting? Will we be waiting? Will they be waiting? Will he be waiting? Will she be waiting? Will it be waiting?

[h=3]Using "Be Going To"[/h]

Positive	Negative	Question
I am going to be waiting. You are going to be waiting. We are going to be waiting. They are going to be waiting. He is going to be waiting. She is going to be waiting. It is going to be waiting.	I am not going to be waiting. You are not going to be waiting. We are not going to be waiting. They are not going to be waiting. He is not going to be waiting. She is not going to be waiting. It is not going to be waiting.	Am I going to be waiting? Are you going to be waiting? Are we going to be waiting? Are they going to be waiting? Is he going to be waiting? Is she going to be waiting? Is it going

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=3]USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future[/h]

Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples:

I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.
He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.

Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in simple present rather than simple future. This is because the interruptions are in,Time clausesand you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

[h=3]USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the [/h]

future

In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.Examples:

Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I will be in the process of eating dinner.
At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
We will be in the process of driving through the desert.

[h=4]REMEMBER[/h]

In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.Examples:

Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner.
I am going to start eating at 6 PM.
Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.
I am going to start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 PM.

[h=3]USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future[/h]

When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.Examples:

I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
Notice "is reading" because of the time clause containing "while."

[h=3]USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future[/h]

In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.Example:

When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=3]REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses[/h]

Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used. Examples:

While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct

[h=3]AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs /[/h][h=3]Mixed Verbs[/h]

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings forMixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use simple futureExamples:

Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct
Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct

[h=3]ADVERB PLACEMENT[/h]

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples:

You will still be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives?

You are still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
Are you still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives?

[h=3]ACTIVE / PASSIVE[/h]

Examples:

At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes. Active
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John. Passive

At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes. Active
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John. Passive

famous_sh · 2012-12-16

[h=1]Future Perfect[/h]

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike simple future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.

[h=3]FORM Future Perfect with "Will"[/h]

[will have + past participle]Examples:

You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

[h=3][/h]

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]Examples:

You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.

[h=1]Future Perfect Forms[/h][h=3]Using "Will"[/h]

Positive	Negative	Question
I will have stopped. You will have stopped. We will have stopped. They will have stopped. He will have stopped. She will have stopped. It will have stopped.	I will not have stopped. You will not have stopped. We will not have stopped. They will not have stopped. He will not have stopped. She will not have stopped. It will not have stopped.	Will I have stopped? Will you have stopped? Will we have stopped? Will they have stopped? Will he have stopped? Will she have stopped? Will it have stopped?

[h=3]Using "Be Going To"[/h]

Positive	Negative	Question
I am going to have stopped. You are going to have stopped. We are going to have stopped. They are going to have stopped. He is going to have stopped. She is going to have stopped. It is going to have stopped.	I am not going to have stopped. You are not going to have stopped. We are not going to have stopped. They are not going to have stopped. He is not going to have stopped. She is not going to have stopped. It is not going to have stopped.	Am I going to have stopped? Are you going to have stopped? Are we going to have stopped? Are they going to have stopped? Is he going to have stopped? Is she going to have stopped? Is it going to have stopped?

[h=3]USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future[/h]

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.Examples:

By next November, I will have received my promotion.
By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?

Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in simple present rather than simple future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.

[h=3]USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)[/h]

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of mixed verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.Examples:

I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.

Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

[h=3]REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses[/h]

Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, present perfect is used. Examples:

I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct
I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct

[h=3]ADVERB PLACEMENT[/h]

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples:

You will only have learned a few words.
Will you only have learned a few words?

You are only going to have learned a few words.
Are you only going to have learned a few words?

[h=3]ACTIVE / PASSIVE[/h]

Examples:

They will have completed the project before the deadline. Active
The project will have been completed before the deadline. Passive

They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. Active
The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

famous_sh · 2012-12-17

[h=2]جملات شرطی[/h]

جملات شرطي
جملات شرطي شامل دو قسمت مي‌باشند: يکي عبارت شرطي و ديگري عبارت اصلي. عبارتي که حاوي if باشد را عبارت شرطي و عبارت ديگر را عبارت اصلي مي‌ناميم.
رويدادي که در عبارت اصلي توصيف مي‌شود بستگي به شرطي دارد که در عبارت شرطي بيان مي‌شود.

we will get wet.	If it rains this evening,
عبارت اصلي	عبارت شرطي

عبارت شرطي مي‌تواند در انتهاي جمله نيز بيايد، ولي در اين صورت علامت ويرگول (,) حذف مي‌شود:

if you press this button.	The door opens
عبارت شرطي	عبارت اصلي

به طور کلي سه نوع جمله شرطي وجود دارد:

جملات شرطي نوع اول
از جملات شرطي نوع اول براي بيان يک شرط (يا موقعيت) ممکن و يک نتيجه محتمل در آينده استفاده مي‌شود.

if	حال ساده	will/won't	مصدر بدون to
if	I work hard,	I will	pass my exams.

If I find your watch, I will tell you. (.اگر ساعت شما را پيدا کنم به شما خواهم گفت)
If we leave now, we'll catch the 10.30 train.
(اگر حالا حرکت کنيم به قطار ساعت 10:30 مي‌رسيم)
If I see him, I'll tell him the news. (.اگر او را ببينم خبرها را به او خواهم گفت)
You'll get wet if you don't take an umbrella. (.اگر چتر نبري خيس خواهي شد)

علاوه بر will مي‌توان از should ،must ،can ،might ،may و غيره نيز استفاده کرد که در اين صورت معني آن کمي فرق خواهد کرد:

If you pull the cat's tail, it may scratch you.
(اگر دم گربه را بکشي ممکن است تو را چنگ بزند )
You should eat less rice if you want to lose weight.
(اگر مي‌خواهي وزن کم کني بايد کمتر برنج بخوري)

جملات شرطي نوع دوم
از جملات شرطي نوع دوم براي بيان يک شرط يا موقعيت غير واقعي يا غير ممکن و نتيجه محتمل آن در زمان حال يا آينده بکار مي‌رود. در واقع در اين نوع جملات حال يا آينده‌اي متفاوت را تصور مي‌کنيم.

if	گذشته ساده	would ('d) would not (wouldn't)	مصدر بدون to
if	I had more money, I	would ('d)	buy a new car.
if	you lived in England, you	would ('d)	soon learn English.

چند مثال ديگر:

If he needed any money, I'd lend it to him. (But he doesn't need it)
(اگر به پول احتياج داشت به او قرض مي‌دادم)
If I had more time, I'd help you. (اگر وقت بيشتري داشتم به شما کمک مي‌کردم)
If I were[SUP]*[/SUP] a rich man, I'd buy an expensive car.
(اگر ثروتمند بودم يک ماشين گرانقيمت مي‌خريدم)
I wouldn't accept the job (even) if they offered it to me.
(اگر آن کار را به من پيشنهاد مي‌کردند هم قبول نمي‌کردم)

* در اين نوع جملات، اغلب بجاي was از were استفاده مي‌شود:

If I were living in Tehran, we could meet more often.

جملات شرطي نوع سوم
از اين نوع جملات شرطي براي تصور گذشته‌اي غير ممکن استفاده مي‌شود. در واقع در اين نوع جملات، گوينده آرزوي يک گذشته متفاوت را دارد. (ولي به هر حال گذشته‌ها گذشته!)

if + گذشته کامل + would have + قسمت سوم فعل (p.p.) + ....

If I'd seen you, I would have said hello.
(اگر تو را ديده بودم، سلام مي‌دادم)
If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have been injured.
(اگر با دقت بيشتري رانندگي کرده بود، مجروح نمي‌شد)
If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.
(اگر مي‌دانستم شما در بيمارستان بستري بوديد مي‌آمدم و شما را ملاقات مي‌کردم)
I would have gone to see him if I had known that he was ill.
(اگر مي‌دانستم بيمار بود مي‌رفتم و به او سر مي‌زدم)

1- در اين نوع جملات مي‌توان بجاي would از could يا might هم استفاده کرد:

If the weather hadn't been so bad, we could/might have gone out.

2- از would فقط مي‌توان در عبارت اصلي استفاده کرد و در عبارت شرطي نبايد آن را به کار برد:

If I had seen you, I would have said hello. (not : 'If I would have seen you')

famous_sh · 2012-12-17

[h=2]افعال مجهول[/h]
افعال مجهول (the passive voice)

در جملات معلوم (active)، فاعل به عامل يا کننده عمل فعل دلالت دارد. در واقع ما از افعال معلوم براي بيان اينکه فاعل چه کاري را انجام دهد استفاده مي‌کنيم. به اين مثالها توجه کنيد:

The dog chased the cat. (سگ گربه را دنبال کرد)
My father built this house in 1960. (پدرم اين خانه را در سال 1960 ساخت)

ولي جملات مجهول (passive) به ما اين اجازه را مي‌دهند که کسي يا چيزي را که کننده يا انجام دهنده عملي نيست (غير عامل) در جاي فاعل قرار دهيم. در واقع از افعال مجهول براي بيان اينکه چه عملي بر روي فاعل اتفاق مي‌افتد، استفاده مي‌شود:

The cat was chased by the dog. (گربه توسط سگ دنبال شد)
This house was built in 1960. (اين خانه در سال 1960 ساخته شد)

هنگام استفاده از حالت مجهول، توجه داشته باشيد که در اغلب موارد اينکه چه کسي يا چه چيزي عمل را انجام مي‌دهد نا معلوم يا بي‌اهميت است. مثلاً در جمله زير اينکه چه کسي اتاق را تميز مي‌کند براي گوينده اهميتي ندارد:

This room is cleaned every day. (اين اتاق هر روز تميز مي‌شود)

ولي اگر بخواهيم بيان کنيم که چه کسي (يا چه چيزي) آن عمل را انجام داده است، در اين صورت بايد از حرف اضافه by استفاده کنيم:

This house was built by my father.(اين خانه توسط پدرم ساخته شد)
This picture was painted by a great painter.
(اين نقاشي توسط يک نقاش بزرگ کشيده شده )

ساختار
بطور کلي براي ساخت صيغه مجهول فعل معلوم، فعل to be را به همان زمان فعل معلوم مي‌آوريم و اسم مفعول همان فعل را به آن مي‌افزاييم:

معلوم: Somebody cleans this room every day.
مجهول: This room is cleaned every day.
معلوم: He bought this car last week.
مجهول: This car was bought last week.

در جدول زير مي‌توانيد فهرست افعال معلوم و معادل مجهول آنها را ملاحظه کنيد:

زمان	معلوم	مجهول
حال ساده	keeps نگه مي‌دارد	is kept نگهداري مي‌شود
حال استمراري	is keeping دارد نگه مي‌دارد	is being kept در حال نگهداري شدن است
گذشته ساده	kept نگه داشت	was kept نگهداري شد
گذشته استمراري	was keeping داشت نگه مي‌داشت	was being kept در حال نگهداري شدن بود
حال کامل	has kept نگه داشته است	has been kept نگهداري شده است
گذشته کامل	had kept نگه داشته بود	had been kept نگهداري شده بود
آينده	will keep نگه خواهد داشت	will be kept نگهداري خواهد شد
شرطي	would keep نگه مي‌داشت	would be kept نگهداري مي‌شد
شرطي کامل	would have kept نگه داشته بودند	would have been kept نگهداري شده بود
مصدر	to keep نگه داشتن	to be kept نگهداري شدن
مصدر حال کامل	to have kept نگه داشتن	to have been kept نگهداري شدن
وجه مصدري اسم مصدر	keeping نگهداري	being kept نگهداري شدن

famous_sh · 2012-12-17

نقل قول Reported speech

هنگاميکه ميخواهيم گفته‌هاي شخص ديگري را نقل کنيم، مي‌توانيم از دو حالت مختلف استفاده کنيم:
1- مي‌توانيم گفته‌هاي شخص مورد نظر را عيناً (واو به واو) تکرار کنيم (نقل قول مستقيم):

She said, 'It is raining.'

و يا مي‌توانيم از نقل قول غير مستقيم استفاده کنيم:

She said that it was raining.

در مثال زير به تغييرات ايجاد شده خوب دقت کنيد:

1- در نقل قول غير مستقيم هميشه مي‌توانيم that را حذف کنيم:

I told her (that) I wasn't hungry.
He said (that) he was feeling ill.

2- پس از tell حتماً بايد نام شخص مخاطب (اسم يا ضمير) ذکر شود ولي پس از say چيزي نمي‌آيد:

He told her that ...
He said that ...

جدول تغييرات از نقل قول مستقيم به غيرمستقيم
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم، فعل اصلي جمله معمولاً زمان گذشته است و نيز افعال موجود در بقيه جمله هم بايد به زمان گذشته تبديل شوند. اين تغييرات به شرح زيرند:

مثال	غير مستقيم	→ مستقيم
'I love you,' he said. → He told her that he loved her.	گذشته ساده	حال ساده →
'I'm talking on the phone,' she said. → She said that she was talking on the phone.	گذشته استمراري	حال استمراري →
He said, 'The rain has stopped'. → He said that the rain had stopped.	گذشته کامل	حال کامل →
He said, 'I've been reading for 3 hours.' → He said that he had been reading for 3 hours.	گذشته کامل استمراري	حال کامل استمراري →
He said, 'I met him in the theatre.' → He said he had met him in the theatre.	گذشته کامل	گذشته ساده →
'I was driving carefully,' he told the police. → He told the police he had been driving carefully.	گذشته کامل استمراري	گذشته استمراري →

1- اگر در جمله نقل قول مستقيم از گذشته کامل استفاده شده باشد، در جمله نقل قول غيرمستقيم تغييري ايجاد نمي‌شود: Tom said, 'when I arrived, she had gone.' → Tom said when he had arrived, she had gone.

2- هميشه مجبور نيستيم كه فعل را در جمله نقل قول غيرمستقيم تغيير دهيم. اگر ما چيزي را نقل قول کنيم که همچنان صحيح مي‌باشد، ديگر نيازي به تغيير فعل (از زمان حال به گذشته) نيست. مثلاً:
'He loves ice-cream,' his mother said. → His mother said that he loves (or loved) ice-cream. (he still loves ice-cream)
در مثال بالا پر واضح است که او (he) همچنان به بستني علاقمند است و دليلي ندارد اين علاقمندی تغيير کرده باشد.

افعال کمکي وجهي در نقل قول غيرمستقيم
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم افعال کمکي وجهي may ،can ،will و shall به might، could، would و should تبديل مي‌شوند. يعني:

نقل قول غيرمستقيم

WOULD, COULD,
MIGHT, SHOULD

تبديل مي‌شود به
→

نقل قول مستقيم

will, can,
MAY, SHALL

مثال:

'I will sell my car,' he told me.
He told me that he would sell his car.
'I can help you,' he said.
He said he could help me.
'The teacher may be ill,' he said.
He said that the teacher might be ill.

ولي افعال كمكي used to، ought to و must در جملات نقل قول غيرمستقيم تغييري نمي‌کنند:

I told her that I used to smoke twenty a day.

تغييرات لازم ديگر در نقل قول غيرمستقيم
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم علاوه بر تغييراتي که در افعال صورت مي‌گيرد، در بعضي ديگر از اقسام کلمه، از جمله قيدها نيز تغييراتي ايجاد مي‌شود که در جدول زير بعضي از آنها را مي‌بينيد:

غيرمستقيم	مستقيم→
that	this
those	these
there	here
then	now
that day	today
the previous day / the day before	yesterday
the next day / the following day	tomorrow
the following week / year ...	next week / year ...
the previous week / year ...	last week / year ...

چند مثال:

'I like it here,' he said.
He said that he liked it there.
He said, 'We'll visit the factory tomorrow.'
He said that he would visit the factory the next day.

famous_sh · 2012-12-17

ضمايم پرسشي (Question Tags)
ضمايم پرسشي پرسشهاي کوتاهي هستند که به انتهاي يک جمله (در انگليسي محاوره‌اي) افزوده مي‌شوند.
به جملات زير دقت کنيد:

You are a teacher, aren't you?
(شما يك معلم هستيد، اينطور نيست؟)
Farhad works hard, doesn't he?(فرهاد سخت کار مي‌کند، اينطور نيست؟)

در مثالهاي بالا aren't you و doesn't he ضمايم پرسشي هستند.
قواعد ساختن ضمايم پرسشي
1- ضمايم پرسشي از دو کلمه ساخته مي‌شوند: يک ضمير فاعلي پس از يک فعل کمکي:

جمله اصلي	+ ضميمه پرسشي
Tom is a student,	isn't he?
	فعل کمکي	ضمير فاعلي

2- فاعل آن با فاعل جمله اصلي مطابقت مي‌کند:

Jim plays football, doesn't he?
The students will be arriving soon, won't they?

3- فعل کمکي آن با فعل کمکي جمله اصلي مطابقت مي‌کند، با اين تفاوت که:
الف- اگر جمله اصلي مثبت باشد، «ضميمه پرسشي» منفي، و اگر جمله اصلي منفي باشد «ضميمه پرسشي» مثبت خواهد بود.

It wasn't an interesting film, was it?
They will finish their job, won't they?
You wouldn't tell anyone, would you?

ب- اگر هيچ نوع فعل کمکي در جمله اصلي وجود نداشت از does، do و يا did (با توجه به زمان جمله) استفاده مي‌کنيم:

She plays the piano, doesn't she?
You look well today, don't you?
You sold your car, didn't you?

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