مخصوص آموزش زبان انگلیسی (مشترک همه رشته ها)

famous_sh

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[h=2]Can have / Could have [/h]
Can have / Could have
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]We can use 'could have' to talk about something somebody was capable of doing but didn't do.[/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]I could have gone to Oxford University but I preferred Harvard. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]She could have married him but she didn't want to. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]They could have bought a house here 20 years ago but chose not to. [/FONT]
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]Often, there is a sense of criticism.[/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]You could have phoned me to let me know. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]They could have helped me instead of just sitting there. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif] I could have done more to help you. Sorry. [/FONT]
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]We can use 'couldn't have' to talk about something we were not capable of doing.[/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]I couldn't have managed without you. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]I couldn't have got the job. He was always going to appoint his nephew. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]I couldn't have enjoyed myself more. Thank you for a lovely day. [/FONT]
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]We can use 'could have' to speculate about what has happened. (We can also use 'may have' or 'might have' in these situations.)[/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]She could have taken the earlier train. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]Simon could have told her. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]They could have overheard what we said. [/FONT]
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]We can also use 'can have' to speculate about what has happened but only in questions and negative sentences and with words such as 'hardly', 'never' and 'only'.[/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]Can she have forgotten about our meeting? [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]He can't have seen us. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]They can hardly have thought that I was not interested in the job. [/FONT]
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]We can also use 'could have' to speculate about something that didn't happen.[/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]You could have broken your neck, jumping out the window like that. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]He could have hurt somebody, throwing a bottle out of the window like that. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]I could have done well in my exam if I'd worked harder. [/FONT]
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]You can also use 'could have' to talk about possible present situations that have not happened. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]I could have been earning a lot as an accountant but the work was just too boring. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]He could have been Prime Minister now but he got involved in a big financial scandal. [/FONT]
  • [FONT=times new roman, times, serif]They could have been the market leaders now if they had taken his advice[/FONT]
 

famous_sh

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[h=2]'such' and 'so'[/h]
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]Structures using 'such' and 'so' are similar in meaning, but different in construction. The main difference between the two structures is that 'such' takes a noun phrase, whereas 'so' takes an adjective. [/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]'Such … that'[/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]'Such … that' takes a noun or modified noun in a noun phrase. 'That' can be used following the noun phrase but is not required. [/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]such + adjective + noun + (that)[/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]Examples:[/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]The recording was such a disappointment that I didn't buy any more from that artist.
It was such an expensive car that the didn't buy it.
[/FONT]
[FONT=times new roman, times, serif]'So … that' [/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]'So … that' takes an adjective. 'That' can be used following the noun phrase but is not required. [/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]So + adjective + (that)[/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]Examples:[/FONT][FONT=times new roman, times, serif]The game was so fascinating (that) he played for hours.
Our vacation apartment was so luxurious (that) we didn't want to leave.
[/FONT]
 

famous_sh

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[h=1]Simple Present[/h]
[h=3]FORM[/h]
[VERB] + s/es in third personExamples:
  • You speak English.
  • Do you speak English?
  • You do not speak English.
[h=1]Simple Present Forms[/h][h=3]Most Verbs[/h]
Most verbs conjugate like the verb "run" below. Notice how you add an "s" to third-person forms. Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using "does."​
PositiveNegativeQuestion

  • I run.
  • You run.
  • We run.
  • They run.
  • He runs.
  • She runs.
  • It runs.

  • I do not run.
  • You do not run.
  • We do not run.
  • They do not run.
  • He does not run.
  • She does not run.
  • It does not run.

  • Do I run?
  • Do you run?
  • Do we run?
  • Do they run?
  • Does he run?
  • Does she run?
  • Does it run?
Instead of "s," "es" is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special "es"-forms have been marked below with an asterisk*.​
PositiveNegativeQuestion

  • I rush.
  • You rush.
  • We rush.
  • They rush.
  • He rushes. *
  • She rushes. *
  • It rushes. *

  • I do not rush.
  • You do not rush.
  • We do not rush.
  • They do not rush.
  • He does not rush.
  • She does not rush.
  • It does not rush.

  • Do I rush?
  • Do you rush?
  • Do we rush?
  • Do they rush?
  • Does he rush?
  • Does she rush?
  • Does it rush?
[h=3]To Have[/h]
The verb "have" is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been marked below with an asterisk*.​
PositiveNegativeQuestion

  • I have.
  • You have.
  • We have.
  • They have.
  • He has. *
  • She has. *
  • It has. *

  • I do not have.
  • You do not have.
  • We do not have.
  • They do not have.
  • He does not have.
  • She does not have.
  • It does not have.

  • Do I have?
  • Do you have?
  • Do we have?
  • Do they have?
  • Does he have?
  • Does she have?
  • Does it have?
[h=3]To Be[/h]
The verb "be" is irregular in the Simple Present. It also has different question forms and negative forms.​
PositiveNegativeQuestion

  • I am.
  • You are.
  • We are.
  • They are.
  • He is.
  • She is.
  • It is.

  • I am not.
  • You are not.
  • We are not.
  • They are not.
  • He is not.
  • She is not.
  • It is not.

  • Am I?
  • Are you?
  • Are we?
  • Are they?
  • Is he?
  • Is she?
  • Is it?
[h=3][/h]
 

famous_sh

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[h=3]Modal Verbs[/h]
Modal verbs behave differently from other verbs. Notice that they do not take "s" in the third person - there is no difference between first-person, second-person or third-person forms. Like the verb "be" described above, modal verbs also have different question forms and negative forms in Simple Present.​
PositiveNegativeQuestion

  • I should go.
  • You should go.
  • We should go.
  • They should go.
  • He should go.
  • She should go.
  • It should go.

  • I should not go.
  • You should not go.
  • We should not go.
  • They should not go.
  • He should not go.
  • She should not go.
  • It should not go.

  • Should I go?
  • Should you go?
  • Should we go?
  • Should they go?
  • Should he go?
  • Should she go?
  • Should it go?
[h=3]USE 1 Repeated Actions[/h]
simplepresentusual.gif
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.Examples:
  • I play tennis.
  • She does not play tennis.
  • Does he play tennis?
  • The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
  • The train does not leave at 9 AM.
  • When does the train usually leave?
  • She always forgets her purse.
  • He never forgets his wallet.
  • Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
  • Does the Sun circle the Earth?
[h=3]USE 2 Facts or Generalizations[/h]
simplepresentfact.gif
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.Examples:
  • Cats like milk.
  • Birds do not like milk.
  • Do pigs like milk?
  • California is in America.
  • California is not in the United Kingdom.
  • Windows are made of glass.
  • Windows are not made of wood.
  • New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
[h=3]USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future[/h]
simplefuture.gif
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. Examples:
  • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
  • The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
  • When do we board the plane?
  • The party starts at 8 o'clock.
  • When does class begin tomorrow?
[h=3]USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)[/h]
presentcontinuousnow.gif
Examples:​
  • I am here now.​
  • She is not here now.​
  • He needs help right now.​
  • He does not need help now.​
  • He has his passport in his hand.​
  • Do you have your passport with you?​
 

famous_sh

New member
زمان حال ساده ساختار
جمع
go,
play,
don't work

we
you
they



مفرد
go, play,
don't work

I, you
goes, plays, doesn't work
he, she, it




کاربرد
زمان حال ساده يکي از متداول‌ترين زمانها در زبان انگليسي مي‌باشد که براي مقاصد زير مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرد:
1- براي بيان عملي که هميشه تکرار مي‌شود، مانند يک عادت يا رسم:
SCHOOLBUS.gif


  • I go to school by bus.
  • We get up at 7 AM.
  • 'Does he smoke?' 'No, he doesn't.'

2- براي بیان حقیقتی که همیشه یا معمولاً درست است:

  • The earth orbits the sun.
  • I come from Iran.
  • Some animals migrate in winter. (بعضي از حيوانات در زمستان مهاجرت مي‌کنند.)
3- براي بيان حقيقتي که براي مدتي (طولاني) دوام داشته باشد:
  • I work in a shop.
  • She lives in a small cottage.
a-note.gif

some-notes-leg.gif


زمان حال ساده اغلب با قيدهاي تکرار مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرند. مهمترين قيدهاي تکرار (frequency adverbs) عبارتند از: never rarely sometimes often usually always
0%[SUP].................................[/SUP] 50% [SUP].................................[/SUP]100%

  • I usually play football with my friends.
  • I never go shopping.
  • sometimes she plays piano for us.





نکاتي در مورد هجي (verb + s) 1- افعالي که به x, ch, sh, ss و o ختم مي‌شوند، به جاي es ، s مي‌گيرند:

kisses, washes, watches, does, boxes
2- افعالي که به y ختم مي‌شوند و قبل از آن حرف بي‌صدايي بيايد، y به ies تبديل مي‌شود:
try, tries hurry, hurries fly, flies
ولي آن دسته از افعالي که به y ختم مي‌شوند و قبل از آن يک حرف صدادار وجود دارد، تنها يک s مي‌گيرند: plays, buys, enjoys
 
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famous_sh

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orbit:،قلمرو،بدور مدارى گشتن ،دايره وار حرکت کردن ،مدار،مسير دوران ،دور زدن
cottage:کلبه ،خانه روستايى
 

famous_sh

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Present Continuous

FORM

[am/is/are + present participle]

Examples:


  • You are watching TV.
  • Are you watching TV?
  • You are not watching TV
Present Continuous Forms

Positive
Negative
Question

  • I am speaking.
  • You are speaking.
  • We are speaking.
  • They are speaking.
  • He is speaking.
  • She is speaking.
  • It is speaking.
  • I am not speaking.
  • You are not speaking.
  • We are not speaking.
  • They are not speaking.
  • He is not speaking.
  • She is not speaking.
  • It is not speaking.
  • Am I speaking?
  • Are you speaking?
  • Are we speaking?
  • Are they speaking?
  • Is he speaking?
  • Is she speaking?
  • Is it speak

USE 1 Now

presentcontinuousnow.gif
Use the Present Continuous with normal verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.Examples:

  • You are learning English now.
  • You are not swimming now.
  • Are you sleeping?
  • I am sitting.
  • I am not standing.
  • Is he sitting or standing?
  • They are reading their books.
  • They are not watching television.
  • What are you doing?
  • Why aren't you doing your homework?

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

presentcontinuouslongnow.gif
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

  • I am studying to become a doctor.
  • I am not studying to become a dentist.
  • I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
  • I am not reading any books right now.
  • Are you working on any special projects at work?
  • Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future

simplefuture.gif
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.Examples:

  • I am meeting some friends after work.
  • I am not going to the party tonight.
  • Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
  • Isn't he coming with us tonight?

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

simplepresentusual.gif
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like simple present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."Examples:

  • She is always coming to class late.
  • He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
  • I don't like them because they are always complaining.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use simple present.Examples:
  • She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct
  • She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples:
  • You are still watching TV.
  • Are you still watching TV?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:
  • Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active
  • Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive
 
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famous_sh

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زمان حال استمراري
ساختار

I
‘m
am

coming
going
doing
taking

You
We
they

‘re
are

She
He
it

‘s
is


کاربرد
1- براي بيان عملي که هم‌اکنون جريان دارد:
· She is watching the TV.
· He is working at the moment.
2- براي بيان عملي يا موقعيتي که در حال حاضر در حال وقوع مي‌باشد، اما الزاماً در همين زمان صحبت کردن در حال رخ دادن نيست:
· I'm reading an exciting book.
· He is learning Arabic.
(توجه داشته باشيد که مثلاً در جمله‌ اول، شخص گوينده ممکن است در همين لحظه مشغول مطالعه کتاب باشد و يا اينکه ممکن است منظورش اين باشد که مدتي است مشغول مطالعه کتاب است ولي هنوز تمام نشده است.)
3- براي بيان قراري تعيين شده در آينده:
· I am meeting him at the park.
4- براي بيان كار يا شرايطي موقتي:
· I'm living in a small flat now, but I'm trying to find a better one.
(در حال حاضر در يک آپارتمان کوچک زندگي مي‌کنم، اما دارم سعي مي‌کنم يک بهترش را پيدا کنم)
نكاتي در مورد هجي (افعال ing دار)
1- افعالي که به يک e ختم مي‌شوند، آن e حذف مي‌شود:
come, coming take, taking write, writing
ولي در مورد افعالي که به ee ختم مي‌شوند، اين قاعده صدق نمي‌کند:
agree, agreeing see, seeing
2- در افعال يک بخشي (يک هجايي) که داراي يک حرف صدادار و يک حرف بي‌صدا مي‌باشند، حرف بي‌صداي آخر تکرار مي‌شود:
running, stopping, getting
ولي چنانچه حرف بي‌صداي آخر y يا w باشد، تکرار نمي‌شود:
showing, enjoying
 
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famous_sh

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rush:يورش کردن ،حمله کردن،برسر چيزى پريدن ،کارى را با عجله و اشتياق انجام دادن ،حمله ،يورش ،حرکت شديد،ازدحام مردم
constantly :دائما"،ازروى ثبات ،بدون تغيير
complain:شکايت کردن ،غرولند کردن ،ناليدن
always:همواره ،هميشه ،پيوسته ،همه وقت
ever:هميشه ،همواره ،هرگز،هيچ ،اصلا،درهر صورت
Repetition :باز انجام ،باز گويى ،باز گو،تکرار،تجديد،اعاده
Irritation :تحريک ،رنجش ،سوزش ،خشم ،ناراحتى ،خراش ،ازردگى
still:ساکن ،بى جوش ،بى کف ،:)adj&adv.(ارام ،بى حرکت ،راکد، هميشه ،بازهم ،هنوزهم معذلک ،vi&n(، :)vtارام کردن ،ساکت کردن ،خاموش شدن ،دستگاه تقطير،عرق گرفتن از،سکوت ،خاموشى

 

famous_sh

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[h=2]Present Perfect[/h][h=1][/h]
Present Perfect
[h=3]FORM[/h]
[has/have + past participle]Examples:
  • You have seen that movie many times.
  • Have you seen that movie many times?
  • You have not seen that movie many times.
[h=1]Present Perfect Forms[/h]
PositiveNegativeQuestion

  • I have traveled.
  • You have traveled.
  • We have traveled.
  • They have traveled.
  • He has traveled.
  • She has traveled.
  • It has traveled.

  • I have not traveled.
  • You have not traveled.
  • We have not traveled.
  • They have not traveled.
  • He has not traveled.
  • She has not traveled.
  • It has not traveled.

  • Have I traveled?
  • Have you traveled?
  • Have we traveled?
  • Have they traveled?
  • Has he traveled?
  • Has she traveled?
  • Has it traveled?
[h=3]USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now[/h]
presentperfect.gif
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples:
  • I have seen that movie twenty times.
  • I think I have met him once before.
  • There have been many earthquakes in California.
  • People have traveled to the Moon.
  • People have not traveled to Mars.
  • Have you read the book yet?
  • Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
  • A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
    B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
[h=3]How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?[/h]
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:​
[h=3]TOPIC 1 Experience[/h]
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.Examples:
  • I have been to France.
    This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
  • I have been to France three times.
    You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
  • I have never been to France.
    This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
  • I think I have seen that movie before.
  • He has never traveled by train.
  • Joan has studied two foreign languages.
  • A: Have you ever met him?
    B: No, I have not met him.
[h=3]TOPIC 2 Change Over Time[/h]
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.Examples:
  • You have grown since the last time I saw you.
  • The government has become more interested in arts education.
  • Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
  • My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
[h=3]TOPIC 3 Accomplishments[/h]
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.Examples:
  • Man has walked on the Moon.
  • Our son has learned how to read.
  • Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
  • Scientists have split the atom.
[h=3]TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting[/h]
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. Examples:
  • James has not finished his homework yet.
  • Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
  • Bill has still not arrived.
  • The rain hasn't stopped.
[h=3]TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times[/h]
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.Examples:
  • The army has attacked that city five times.
  • I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
  • We have had many major problems while working on this project.
  • She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
[h=3]Time Expressions with Present Perfect[/h]
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
presentperfect.gif
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
presentperfectlimit.gif
Examples:
  • Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
  • I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
  • They have had three tests in the last week.
  • She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
  • My car has broken down three times this week.
[h=4]NOTICE[/h]
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires simple past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect. Examples:
  • I went to Mexico last year.
    I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
  • I have been to Mexico in the last year.
    I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
[h=3]USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)[/h]
presentperfectcontinuous.gif
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of mixed verbs , we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.Examples:
  • I have had a cold for two weeks.
  • She has been in England for six months.
  • Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.​
[h=3]ADVERB PLACEMENT[/h]
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.Examples:
  • You have only seen that movie one time.
  • Have you only seen that movie one time?
[h=3]ACTIVE / PASSIVE[/h]
Examples:
  • Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
  • That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
 

famous_sh

New member
[h=2]زمان حال کامل[/h]
زمان حال كامل ساختار

جملات مثبت و منفي:
past participle
(قسمت سوم فعل)
have ('ve)
have not (haven't)

I, you, we, they
has ('s)
has not (hasn't)

he, she, it


جملات پرسشي:
past participle
(قسمت سوم فعل)?
I, you, we, they
have
he, she, it
has



چند مثال:
  • We've been to Paris.
  • He hasn't lived in Paris.
  • Have you met him yet?
کاربرد
1- براي بيان عملي که در گذشته آغاز شده و همچنان ادامه دارد:

  • I have studied English since 1990. (از سال 1990 به مطالعه انگليسي پرداخته‌ام)
  • She's lived in Tehran for 10 years. (او به مدت 10 سال در تهران زندگي کرده است)
  • How long have you lived in Tehran? (چه مدتي در تهران زندگي کرده‌ايد؟)
  • I've lived in Tehran all my life. (همه عمرم را در تهران زندگي کرده‌ام)

توجه‌ داشته ‌باشيد که در زمان حال کامل، غالباً از اصطلاحات زماني خاصي مانند since و for استفاده مي‌شود.
for نشان دهنده دوره‌اي از زمان است که تا کنون ادامه داشته است، ولي since با مقطعي از زمان به کار مي‌رود و به معني «از آن زمان تا کنون» مي‌باشد:
seven o'clock
line.gif

since
a year
line.gif

I have been here for
1980two months
Septemberthree hours
last weekten minutes

2- براي بیان تجربه‌اي که در زماني در زندگي شخصي اتفاق افتاده است. در واقع اين عمل در گذشته روي داده و به پايان رسيده است، اما آثار آن هنوز محسوس است. اين که اين عمل يا تجربه چه موقعي روي داده، مهم نيست:
  • I have never been to England. (من هرگز به انگلستان نرفته‌ام)
  • She has had several operations up to now. (تا کنون چندين عمل جراحي داشته است)
  • He's written a lot of short stories.(او داستانهاي کوتاه زيادي نوشته است)
3- براي بيان عملي که در گذشته نزديک اتفاق افتاده ولي اثر آن در زمان حال مشاهده مي‌شود. در اين حالت از yet، already، still و just بسيار استفاده مي‌کنيم:

از already بيشتر در جملات مثبت و از yet بيشتر در جملات منفي و پرسشي استفاده مي‌شود.

  • I've just had a sandwich. (من تازه يک ساندويچ خورده‌ام)
  • I've already seen the movie. (اين فيلم را قبلاً ديده‌ام)
  • The bus hasn't arrived yet. (اتوبوس هنوز نرسيده است)
  • I still haven't finished my homework. (هنوز تکاليفم را تمام نکرده‌ام)

1- اگر ارتباطي با زمان حال موجود نيست (مثلاًچيزهايي که مدتها قبل اتفاق افتاده‌اند) از حال کامل استفاده نکنيد.
  • Hafiz was a Persian poet. He wrote many poems.
  • but: My father is a writer. He has written many books.
در مثال اول از گذشته ساده استفاده کرديم تا نشان دهيم که او (حافظ) ديگر شعر نمي‌نويسد، ولي در مثال دوم براي اينکه نشان دهيم که او هنوز کتاب مي‌نويسد از حال کامل استفاده کرديم.
2- ما از حال کامل براي ارائه اطلاعات جديد استفاده مي‌کنيم. ولي اگر بخواهيم به صحبتمان درباره آن ادامه دهيم، معمولاً از گذشته ساده استفاده مي‌کنيم:
A: "Ben has broken his leg."
B: "Really? How did that happen?"
A: "He fell off a ladder."
 

arezoomand

New member
یه پیشنهاد :به نظر من اگه روی لغت و درک مطلب کار کنیم بهتره تا قواعد.دوستان زحمت میکشن ولی اینا بیشتر کمکمون میکنه اگه موافق باشین هر کس هر روز روی یه متن از لزگی و 1درس لغات 504کار کنه و اخرهرروز نکات و لغتارو بنویسه و اخر هفته ها اونارو مرور کنیم.:smilies-azardl (181
 
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